Which cultural characteristic emphasizes competition and achievement over cooperation?

The cultural characteristic that emphasizes competition and achievement over cooperation is masculinity. In cultural dimensions theory, particularly as developed by Geert Hofstede, masculinity is associated with societies that prioritize assertiveness, competitiveness, and material success. In such cultures, success is often measured through achievements and performance, leading individuals to focus on personal advancement and personal goals over collective harmony or teamwork.

This concept contrasts sharply with collectivism, which emphasizes group cohesion, cooperation, and prioritizing the needs of the community or group over individual ambitions. In a collectivist culture, collaboration and the success of the group are typically valued more than competition among individuals.

Individualism, while also focused on personal achievement, does not inherently stress competitiveness as a primary cultural trait—it can also represent the valuing of personal independence and self-reliance without necessarily implying that one must compete aggressively.

Power distance relates to how much less powerful members of a society defer to more powerful members and does not directly address competition versus cooperation in social or cultural contexts.

Thus, masculinity clearly delineates a cultural focus on competition and achievement, distinguishing it from the other dimensions mentioned.