According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which outcome becomes relevant when predicting individual effort?

In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, valence is fundamentally important when predicting individual effort. It refers to the value or significance an individual assigns to the outcomes of their efforts. Essentially, if an individual perceives a high valence for an outcome, they are more likely to exert effort towards achieving that outcome. In this context, valence can be seen as the attractiveness or desirability of a particular reward that is expected to result from one's performance.

When individuals determine whether to put forth effort, they evaluate not only the likelihood of success (expectancy) but also how much they desire the outcomes associated with that success. If the reward has a high valence, it means that the individual is motivated to work toward achieving it because they find it valuable or rewarding. Consequently, the enthusiasm and commitment to exert effort can be significantly influenced by how much an individual values the rewards that come from their performance.

In contrast, other options such as force, expectancy, and pay do hold relevance within the framework of expectancy theory but do not specifically address the same dynamic as valence in motivating effort. Force is not one of the primary components in Vroom's theory. Expectancy refers to the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance, while pay is a